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Effect of climate and CO2 changes on the greening of the Northern Hemisphere over the past two decades: Geophysical Research Letters, Vol. 33 (9 December 2006), L23402.Shilong Piao, Pierre Friedlingstein , Philippe Ciais, Liming Zhou, Anping Chen

Source: Geophysical Research Letters, Vol. 33 (9 December 2006), L23402.
Boreal ecosystems sequestered more carbon in warmer years: Geophysical Research Letters, Vol. 33 (19 May 2006), L10803.A 13-year (1990?1996, 1999?2004), hourly air CO2 record measured on a 40 m tower in northern Canada is analyzed against interpolated marine boundary layer CO2 data representing the free troposphere above the tower. In warmer years, the planetary boundary layer was more depleted with CO2, suggesting that the land area (103?104 km2) upwind of the tower sequestered more carbon. After using a novel approach to derive the photosynthetic flux from the air CO2 diurnal variation pattern, it is confirmed that boreal ecosystem photosynthesis increased more than ecosystem respiration in warmer years.Jing Chen, Baozhang Chen, Kaz Higuchi, Jane Liu, Douglas Chan, Douglas Worthy, Pieter Tans, Andy Black

Source: Geophysical Research Letters, Vol. 33 (19 May 2006), L10803.
The Biota and the World Carbon Budget: Science, Vol. 199, No. 4325. (13 January 1978), pp. 141-146.10.112 6/science.199. 4325.141GM Woodwell, RH Whittaker, WA Reiners, GE Likens, CC Delwiche, DB Botkin

Source: Science, Vol. 199, No. 4325. (13 January 1978), pp. 141-146.
A hierarchical framework for stream habitat classification : Viewing streams in a watershed context: Environmental Management, Vol. 10, No. 2. (1 March 1986), pp. 199-214.Classi fication of streams and stream habitats is useful for research involving establishment of monitoring stations, determination of local impacts of land-use practices, generalization from site-specific data, and assessment of basin-wide, cumulative impacts of human activities on streams and their biota. This article presents a frame-work for a hierarchical classification system, entailing an organized view of spatial and temporal variation among and within stream systems. Stream habitat systems, defined and classified on several spatiotemporal scales, are associated with watershed geomorphic features and events. Variables selected for classification define relative long-term capacities of systems, not simply short-term states. Streams and their watershed environments are classified within the context of a regional biogeoclimatic landscape classification . The framework is a perspective that should allow more systematic interpretation and description of watershed-stre am relationships. Christopher Frissell, William Liss, Charles Warren, Michael Hurley

Source: Environmental Management, Vol. 10, No. 2. (1 March 1986), pp. 199-214.
Mechanisms of action of probiotics: Recent advances: Inflammatory Bowel Diseases, Vol. 9999, No. 9999. (2008), NA.The intestinal microbiota plays a fundamental role in maintaining immune homeostasis. In controlled clinical trials probiotic bacteria have demonstrated a benefit in treating gastrointestin al diseases, including infectious diarrhea in children, recurrent Clostridium difficile-indu ced infection, and some inflammatory bowel diseases. This evidence has led to the proof of principle that probiotic bacteria can be used as a therapeutic strategy to ameliorate human diseases. The precise mechanisms influencing the crosstalk between the microbe and the host remain unclear but there is growing evidence to suggest that the functioning of the immune system at both a systemic and a mucosal level can be modulated by bacteria in the gut. Recent compelling evidence has demonstrated that manipulating the microbiota can influence the host. Several new mechanisms by which probiotics exert their beneficial effects have been identified and it is now clear that significant differences exist between different probiotic bacterial species and strains; organisms need to be selected in a more rational manner to treat disease. Mechanisms contributing to altered immune function in vivo induced by probiotic bacteria may include modulation of the microbiota itself, improved barrier function with consequent reduction in immune exposure to microbiota, and direct effects of bacteria on different epithelial and immune cell types. These effects are discussed with an emphasis on those organisms that have been used to treat human inflammatory bowel diseases in controlled clinical trials.(Inflam m Bowel Dis 2008)SC Ng, AL Hart, MA Kamm, AJ Stagg, SC Knight

Source: Inflammatory Bowel Diseases, Vol. 9999, No. 9999. (2008), NA.

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